Изгородь из боярышника: сорта, как сажать, как быстро растет

Живая изгородь из боярышника красивое решение для изысканной дачи

В последнее время все чаще дачные участки украшают живые изгороди. Посадить боярышник и создать изысканное очертание своего двора так просто. Ведь боярышник – это приемлемый по стоимости вариант ограждения, который можно воспроизвести самостоятельно.

Преимущества ограждения из боярышника

Боярышник является уникальным растением. Он идеально подходит для обустройства живой изгороди, ведь обладает многими преимуществами:

• очень густой кустарник является надежным защитником. Его густая крона станет препятствием для людей и животных;
• колючки растения преградят дорогу животным и не пропустят чужаков на участок;
• не требует особенного внимания и ухода. Растению достаточно внесения удобрений и регулярный полив;
• легко обосновывается на новом месте. Боярышник, попадая в благотворную среду, быстро в ней укореняется;
• прекрасно реагирует на стрижку. Из кустарника очень просто сформировать требуемые формы, создать живые картины;
• устойчив к неблагоприятным погодным условиям, ветру и большим морозам;
• весной зацветает удивительной красоты цветами, которые излучают чуть слышный аромат. Но стоит помнить, что зацветает только то растение, которое не подвергалось обрезке;
• долговечное растения, которое способно радовать более 50 лет;
• имеет благородный вид при приемлемой стоимости. Именно боярышник позволяет создать изысканный внешний вид дворику за небольшие деньги.

Красивое и несложное в уходе растения завоевало своих почитателей. Популярность его только растет с каждым днем.

Разновидности растения

Боярышник существе несколько видов. И для успешного его выращивания стоит подобрать самый правильный сорт, который легко укоренится и быстро размножится.
Самыми распространёнными растениям для создания живой изгороди считаются:

• мягковатый боярышник, отличающийся темно-зелеными побегами с массивными колючками. Растение имеет немаленькие листья овальной формы и красно-оранжевые ягоды. Это прекраснейший вариант создания живой изгороди с шикарной кроной шаровидной формы;
• сибирский боярышник, особенностью которого является отсутствие колючек. Это растение способно выпускать плети длиной более 4 м, легко поддается стрижке и формировке;
• обыкновенный боярышник, отличающийся невысоким ростом. Его плети густо усыпаны мелкими колючками. В высоту растение может достигать лишь 3 м. Растение обладает небольшими ярко-зелеными листиками и красноватыми ветвями;
• вееровидный боярышник, который достигает в высоту более 6 метров в зрелом возрасте. Деревце обладает большими 5-ти сантиметровыми колючками, желтыми колючками и треугольными листьями. Этот вид чаще всего высаживают в качестве зеленого забора;
• черный боярышник, имеющий ярко выраженные черные плоды, небольшие колючки овальные мелкие листики;
• однопестичный боярышник, являющий собой кустарник с насыщенными зелеными листьями и небольшими колючками. Эта разновидность неприхотлива к почве, отличается быстрым ростом и имеет алые плоды.

Правила посадки и успешного выращивания растения

Высадка молодых растений для постоянного «проживания» на дачном участке проводиться в 3-х летнем возрасте. Именно в этом возрасте растения лучше приживаются и быстрей всего трогаются в рост. Ухаживать за растением очень просто, необходимо лишь своевременно подрезать побеги. По прошествии 17-ти лет растение достигает в высоту всего 2 метра.
Для создания красивой изгороди необходимо использовать специальные шпалеры. В период активного роста кусты сращиваются, образуя прочную стену. Боярышник высаживается в один ряд, так как посадка в два ряда приведет к слишком широкой изгороди, которая может превышать более 1 метра. Также стоить помнить, что широкий забор может стать рассадником для вредоносных насекомых, грибков и бактерий. Изгородь, шириной 70 см считается самой лучшей.
Растение не привередливо к почве. Его можно успешно выращивать даже на суглинистых и бедных на питательные вещества почвах. Для высадки молоденьких экземпляров все же придется подготовить грунт, который должен состоять из песка, торфа, древесного грунта и лиственного компоста, взятых в равной пропорции.
Для высадки боярышника необходимо выкопать целостную траншею и засыпать ее подготовленной почвой. Молодые растения высаживают на расстоянии 50 см.
При двухрядном высаживании необходимо выкопать траншею шириной не менее 1 метра и высадить растения в шахматном порядке.
Молодой боярышник нуждается в своевременном поливе с периодичностью в 7 дней. Стоит помнить, что растение очень любит влагу. Поэтому для ее сохранности под каждым растением образуют небольшую лунку, куда и заливают воду.
Через год после высадки живую изгородь можно подкормить с помощью азотных удобрений. Летом рекомендуется внести калийную соль.
Боярышник очень хорошо отзывается на рыхление почвы. Также для создания красивого и ухоженного ограждения потребуется своевременное удаления сорняков. Перед приходом холодов почву вокруг растений перекапывают.

Формирование живого забора

По истечению трех лет после посадки можно приступать к формированию зеленого ограждения. Для этого необходимо срезать боярышник, оставив небольшой пенек. За время активного роста основной ствол уже должен достигнуть нескольких сантиметров в диаметре. Такая процедура позволит растению кустится, и тем самым поспособствует созданию густой и прочной изгороди.
Обрезку растений стоит проводить поздней весной, в момент роста почек. Срезать необходимо лишь прошлогодний прирост, оставляя молодую почку для развития. После обрезки растение выпускает множество молодых побегов, которые уже следует срезать на следующий год.
Через год, после формирования куста, можно приступать к первой стрижке. Для этого необходимо удалить все веточки, которые мешают создать форму. Прищипывать молодые побеги стоит с помощью специальных садовых ножниц на всем вегетационном периоде.
Оформить живую изгородь из боярышника можно в любой форме. Растение прекрасно переносит обрезку и позволяет создать самые невероятные орнаменты. Боярышник, как правило, обрезают в виде трапеции или же полукруга. Это подчеркивает все его достоинства, позволяя создать высокую эстетику.
Обрезая растение добиться цветения, а соответственно и плодоношения, невозможно.

Уход за живым забором

Ограждение из боярышника требует правильного ухода. Правилами успешного выращивания являются:

• своевременный и регулярный полив;
• подпушивание почвы и удаление сорных растений;
• правильное внесение подкормок.

Особое внимание при уходе за молодыми экземплярами стоит уделить рыхлению грунта и удалению сорняков. С весны и до осени рекомендуется подкармливать изгородь перегноем, лиственным компостом и торфом. Смесь можно приготовить самостоятельно, смешав все компоненты в равных количествах. Такое питание необходимо заделать в почву. На 1 квадратный метр рекомендуется использовать 10 л удобрения. Хорошо реагирует растение и на внесение минеральных удобрений. Но их применять необходимо особенно аккуратно.
На протяжении активного роста производят обрезку растения. В конце июля обрезку стоит прекратить. Оптимальной длиной для обрезки считается удаление побегов на треть или половину. Не стоит подстригать растение слишком близко к основанию, так как это может привести к «облысению». Также оголится кусты могут и при несвоевременной стрижке. Именно поэтому так важно все делать вовремя, и подстригать, и поливать, и рыхлить почву.

Боярышник – простая красота

В последнее время живое ограждение из боярышника приобретает большую популярность. Связано это не только с возможностью создать прочное и надежное ограждение. Дело в том, что боярышник идеально сочетается с другими растениями и позволяет создать изысканный вид дачному участку. Это растение подходит под любое оформление, красиво дополняет сад. Именно поэтому его используют как в качестве основного забора, так и для разделения зон. Живая изгородь также обеспечивает повышенную звукоизоляцию и прекрасно очищает воздух. Никакая пыль и выхлопные газы не смогут попасть на участок через такую защиту.
Ограждение из боярышника никогда не потеряет свою популярность. Естественно, живая изгородь из боярышника созданная своими руками, станет украшением участка лишь через 3 – 4 года. Но результат стоит такого ожидания и терпения. Экологичная ограда наполнит красотой и уютом, станет гордостью хозяина дачи.

90000 The Disadvantages of Hawthorn Hedging | Home Guides 90001 90002 Hawthorn trees (Crataegus spp.) Are commonly planted in rows as hedges in U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 4 through 8. The trees are highly adaptable, able to flourish in many different soil conditions. English hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) is an invasive species from Europe, but there are several native hawthorns to choose from. Some of the reasons for planting hawthorn hedges can also be considered disadvantages.90003 90004 Size 90005 90002 Hawthorn trees grow 15 to 30 feet tall, depending on the species. Yearly and sometimes twice-yearly pruning is required to keep the trees at a smaller height. If the natural height of the trees is too tall to fit in with your landscape, the amount of work necessary to control the height, or having a hedge that is taller than you want it to be, is a disadvantage. People who want taller hedges would not face the same difficulty with hawthorns. 90003 90004 Thorns 90005 90002 As indicated by the name, most hawthorns have thorns.These thorns can be 1 to 3 inches long. If the hedge is left in its natural state, and is used as a security hedge to keep intruders from venturing on to the property, the thorns may be an advantage. Otherwise, they are a nuisance. The thorns make pruning the hedge a hazardous duty. It may also be dangerous to grow in households with children who play near the hedge. There are some thornless hawthorn cultivars available. 90003 90004 Flowers and Berries 90005 90002 The white flowers that appear in the spring and the berries that cover the hawthorns in the fall attract insects, birds and other wildlife.Some of the wildlife may be desirable. But it can also be a disadvantage to have bees on the flowers if the hedges are near areas people congregate. Birds eating the berries make messes that can stain driveways or cars parked near the hedges. The berries themselves are a litter problem when they fall from the hedge onto the ground. 90003 90004 Pests and Disease 90005 90002 Hawthorns are susceptible to many different diseases and insect infestations. Fire blight, powdery mildew, root rot, anthracnose, rust and sooty mold are all diseases that can affect hawthorn hedges.Aphids, borers, scales and spider mites are pests that like to invade the hedges. Constant vigilance is required to keep the pests and diseases from damaging the hedges, including preventative fungicide, pesticide and horticultural oil applications at scheduled times throughout the year if any are prevalent in your area. 90003.90000 Hawthorn | How to Identify Hawthorn 90001 90002 Scientific Name: 90003 Crataegus monogyna 90004 90005 90002 Family: Rose 90005 90002 Scientific Family: Rosaceae 90005 90002 How to grow Hawthorn 90005 90002 You may find many single hawthorns on farmland. Farmers sometimes will not cut them down. 90005 90002 They believe it is bad luck to do this. These trees were under the protection of fairies and, if the ‘fairy tree’ was killed, the fairy might seek revenge. 90005 A single hawthorn in full flower 90016 Leaves 90017 90002 The leaves are ‘alternate’.They are up to 6cm long, have 5-7 deep lobes and teeth on the leaf tip. The stipules are at the base of each leaf. 90005 90002 The new shoots are fresh green, darkening later. The underside of the leaf is light green. 90005 A hawthorn leaf 90016 Flowers 90017 90002 The flower is white and has a single pistil and 5 petals. It is similar to the wild cherry flower (they are from the same family). 90005 90002 Sometimes the tips of the petals are pinkish. The flowers appear in May, giving the hawthorn another name — maythorn.90005 Hawthorn flowers 90016 Fruits 90017 90002 The fruit, or haw, is dark red with one seed. They remain on the branches until the following spring (unless they are eaten). 90005 90002 They are important winter food for birds like dunnocks, blackbirds, thrushes and bullfinches and some of our winter visitors like redwings. 90005 90002 They can provide food for humans as well and together with flowers have medicinal use — they are good for your heart. 90005 A mass of hawthorn fruits — known as ‘haws’ 90016 Bark 90017 90002 The bark is greyish brown and has a lot of small scales.90005 90002 In the nooks and crannies of the bark, you might find a lot of insects and tiny plants making their home. Take a closer look next time you come across a hawthorn. 90005 The bark of a mature hawthorn tree 90016 Habitat 90017 90002 Hawthorn is a very undemanding tree and grows almost anywhere, in rock crevices and other unreachable places. 90005 90002 It is the most common tree or shrub planted in hedges. 90005 90002 Over 200 plant-eating insects depend on hawthorn. The ecological value of the tree is very high because it provides protection and food for many animals.90005 A lone hawthorn growing on limestone pavement.90000 Hawthorn Uses, Benefits & Dosage 90001 90002 Medically reviewed by Drugs.com. Last updated on Dec 4, 2018. 90003 90002 90005 Scientific Name (s): 90006 Crataegus monogyna Jacquin., Crataegus oxyacantha L., Crataegus pinnatifida (in China) 90007 90005 Common Name (s): 90006 Cardiplant, Crataegisan, Crataegutt, English hawthorn, Faros, Haw, Hawthorn, Korodin , LI 132, Maybush, Whitethorn, WS тисячі чотиреста сорок два 90003 90011 Clinical Overview 90012 90013 Use 90014 90002 Hawthorn may have a role as adjunctive therapy in mild heart failure and exhibits some advantages over digoxin.In more severe cases of congestive heart failure (CHF), its place in therapy is less clear. Studies in animals suggest that hawthorn extracts exert effects on the CNS, including anxiolytic and analgesic action; however, clinical studies are limited. Although limited clinical studies have shown improvement in hyperlipidemia with hawthorn extracts, specific, well-designed trials are needed before hawthorn extracts can be recommended. 90003 90013 Dosing 90014 90002 Trials have evaluated dosages ranging from 160 to 1,800 mg / day standardized extracts (mostly WS 1442) in divided doses over 3 to 24 weeks.A minimum effective dose for adjunctive therapy in mild CHF is suggested to be standardized extract 300 mg daily, with maximum benefit after 6 to 8 weeks of therapy. Clinical trials conducted in patients with class II and III CHF found hawthorn extract 900 mg daily to be safe, but not superior to placebo. 90003 90013 Contraindications 90014 90002 Known allergy to members of the rose family. 90003 90013 Pregnancy / Lactation 90014 90002 In the absence of clear data, hawthorn extracts should be avoided in pregnancy and during lactation.Animal studies, however, have not shown any adverse effect on embryonic development. 90003 90013 Interactions 90014 90002 None well documented. 90003 90013 Adverse Reactions 90014 90002 Serious adverse reactions are rarely reported. Mild to moderate dizziness, headache, rash, palpitations, and nausea and other GI symptoms have been reported. 90003 90013 Toxicology 90014 90002 Hawthorn is reportedly toxic in high doses; low doses of hawthorn usually lack adverse effects. No increase in the frequency of fetal malformations or teratogenicity has been found in animal studies.90003 90011 Scientific Family 90012 90011 Botany 90012 90002 Some 280 species of hawthorn exist, with C. oxycantha (synonym Crataegus laevigata [Poir]) and C. monogyna commonly used in commercial preparations. Hawthorn is a spiny bush or small tree that grows up to 7.5 m in height. Its deciduous leaves are divided into 3 to 5 lobes. The white, strong-smelling flowers grow in large bunches and bloom from April to June. The spherical bright red fruit contains 1 nut (C. monogyna) or 2 to 3 nuts (C.oxyacantha). The flowers, leaves, and fruits are all used for therapeutic preparations.PLANTS 2000, WHO 1999 року, Daniele 2006 90003 90011 History 90012 90002 The use of hawthorn dates back to the Greek physician Dioscorides (40 to 90 AD). Hawthorn has been traditionally used as a diuretic for kidney and bladder disorders, to treat stomach ache, stimulate appetite, and improve circulation. Other traditional uses for hawthorn include treatment of stress, nervousness, and sleep disorders. 90003 90002 Preparations containing hawthorn remain popular in Europe for the treatment of high or low blood pressure, tachycardia, or arrhythmias, with the revised 90052 Complete German Commission E Monographs 90053 approving the use of leaves and flowers for the treatment of long-term heart failure classes I and II (New York Heart Association [NYHA] classification).Some acceptance has also been gained in the United States, with clinical trials being conducted in cardiac failure.WHO 1999 року, Daniele 2006, Blumenthal 2000 90003 90011 Chemistry 90012 90002 The leaves, flowers, bark, and fruits primarily contain flavonoids, oligomeric proanthocyanidins, tyramine, and tannins. The flavonoids and proanthocyanidins are considered to be the most pharmacologically active compounds and preparations are standardized for these constituents. Most trials have used extracts standardized to 2.2% flavonoids or 18.75% oligomeric proanthocyanidins.WHO 1999 року, Daniele 2006 90003 90002 A complete characterization of the chemical constituents of all plant parts has been conducted.Barros 2011 90003 90011 Uses and Pharmacology 90012 90002 Pharmacodynamic properties of hawthorn have been elucidated, and relevant cardiovascular actions include positive inotropic effects, peripheral vasodilation, increased myocardial perfusion, as well as stroke volume and decreased afterload. Hawthorn also increases the refractory period, an action thought to be one reason for observed antiarrhythmic activity.Vogel 2005, Pittler 2008 90003 90013 Cardiovascular disease 90014 90002 Trials have demonstrated efficacy of hawthorn in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases with the strongest evidence of benefit shown as an adjunct to standard therapy for chronic CHF. Other claims noted in a systematic review have been as an alternative therapy for angina, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and arrhythmia. (Rastogi 2016 90003 90069 Heart failure 90070 90069 Animal data 90070 90002 Large-scale clinical trials have been conducted using hawthorn extracts, making animal data largely irrelevant.90003 90069 Clinical data 90070 90002 The efficacy of hawthorn extract in the treatment of heart failure is uncertain because randomized trials have yielded mixed results. A meta-analysis demonstrated that hawthorn extract produced symptomatic and functional benefit in patients with chronic heart failure, Pittler 2008 but 2 subsequently published randomized trialsHolubarsch 2008, Zick 2009 in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction found no benefit from hawthorn extract. It is unclear whether this difference in results is related to differences in patient populations, differences in treatment regimens, or the effect of chance.90003 90002 Several randomized, double-blind clinical trials have been conducted with objective measurements in cardiac performance in heart failure.Vogel 2005 A meta-analysis of trials found that hawthorn, as adjunctive therapy, is superior to placebo in the treatment of long-term heart failure I and II (NYHA classification), as measured by exercise tolerance tests. Symptomatic measurements (shortness of breath, fatigue) also improved with hawthorn over placebo. In the trials included in the meta-analysis, most patients were also treated concomitantly with diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, or calcium antagonists.Pittler 2008 90003 90002 Clinical trials evaluating hawthorn in CHF conducted since the meta-analysis include the Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic Heart Failure (HERB-CHF) and Survival and Prognosis: Investigation of Crataegus Extract WS 1442 in Congestive Heart Failure (SPICE) trials. Holubarsch 2000, Holubarsch 2008, Zick 2008, Zick 2009 Both trials evaluated the extract WS тисячі чотиреста сорок два (Crataegutt forte) 900 mg / day versus placebo over a period of 6 and 24 months, respectively, in patients with CHF class II or III (NYHA) .In the HERB-CHF trial, no difference was found for the primary end point of a 6-minute walk distance or for quality of life and functional capacity measures for hawthorn over placebo.Zick 2008, Zick 2009 In the SPICE trial, no difference was found for hawthorn in the primary measures of time to first cardiac event and no difference in trend for cardiac mortality reduction.Holubarsch 2008 In a subgroup analysis, patients with a left ventricular ejection fraction of at least 25% experienced a reduction in sudden cardiac death with hawthorn.Holubarsch 2008, Furey 2008 Clinical efficacy, therefore, remains unclear in CHF.Furey 2008 Adverse events in these clinical trials were similar to those of placebo, suggesting certain advantages for hawthorn over digoxin, including a wider therapeutic range, a lower risk in cases of toxicity, is safer in renal impairment, and can safely be used with diuretics.Vogel 2005 90003 90069 Blood pressure 90070 90069 Animal data 90070 90002 Hawthorn extracts decrease peripheral vascular resistance and hypertension in animal models.WHO 1999 90003 90069 Clinical data 90070 90002 Studies in humans have not established a role for hawthorn in the management of hypertension. Modest reductions in diastolic pressure alone, and in both diastolic and systolic pressure, have been demonstrated.Walker 2002 Walker 2006, Asgary 2004, Schröder 2003 In some studies a short-term increase in diastolic pressure was foundWerner 2009 Schandry 2008 and efficacy in preventing orthostatic hypotension was shown in limited clinical studies.Belz 2002 Kroll 2005 One small, placebo-controlled study in patients with prehypertension or mild hypertension found no significant difference between hawthorn extract and placebo for measures of brachial artery diameter or blood pressure following 3 90092 1 90093/90094 2 90095 -day courses of treatment.Asher 2012 90003 90013 Central nervous system 90014 90069 Animal data 90070 90002 Studies in animals suggest hawthorn extracts exert CNS effects, including anxiolytic and analgesic actions.Can 2010 Tadić 2008 Antagonism of naltrexone has also been reported.Can 2010 Reduced oxidative stress in induced ischemia / reperfusion cerebral injury in rats has been demonstrated.Elango 2009 90003 90069 Clinical data 90070 90002 Limited clinical studies have been conducted. One trial found no effect on anxiety, mood, or sense of well-beingWalker 2006 while other studies have evaluated hawthorn in combination with other agents.Conclusions can not be drawn.Werner 2009 Hanus 2004 90003 90013 Hyperlipidemia 90014 90069 Animal data 90070 90002 Animal studies have demonstrated lipid-lowering effects with hawthorn extractsAkila 2008, Luo 2009 Xu 2009 Ye 2010 Lin 2009 and inhibition of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in laboratory models.Quettier-Deleu 2003 90003 90069 Clinical data 90070 90002 In limited studies in patients with hyperlipidemia, beneficial effects of hawthorn extract included reductions in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and the total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.Rigelsky 2002 Chen 1995 Specific, well-designed trials are required before recommendations for hawthorn extracts in hyperlipidemia can be made. 90003 90013 Other uses 90014 90002 Animal studies suggest a role for hawthorn in preventing angioplasty-related restenosis and reperfusion injury, possibly facilitated by preventing oxidative stress.Fürst 2010 Swaminathan 2010 Other antioxidant activities have been explored in animal models.Tadić 2010 Akila 2008 Hawthorn extracts exert protective effects against irradiation in animal models and in vitro with human cells.Hosseinimehr 2009 90003 90011 Dosing 90012 90002 Trials have evaluated dosages ranging from 160 to 2,500 mg / day standardized extracts (mostly WS тисяча чотиреста сорок два) in divided doses, over 3 to 24 weeks.Daniele 2006, Hanus 2004, Asher 2012 90003 90013 CHF 90014 90002 A minimum effective dose is suggested to be standardized extract 300 mg daily, and maximum benefit appears after 6 to 8 weeks of therapy.Vogel 2005 Clinical trials conducted in patients with class II and III CHF found hawthorn extract 900 mg daily to be safe, but not superior to placebo.Holubarsch 2008, Zick 2009 90003 90011 Pregnancy / Lactation 90012 90002 In the absence of clear data, clinical texts suggest that hawthorn extracts should be avoided in pregnancy and during lactation.Daniele 2006, Tadić 2008 Animal studies, however, have not shown any adverse effect on embryonic development.WHO 1999 року, Yao 2008 An older study suggests hawthorn extract to be contraindicated.Ammon 1981 90003 90011 Interactions 90012 90002 Blood pressure-lowering agents: Herbs (hypotensive properties) may enhance the hypotensive effect of blood pressure-lowering agents.Monitor therapy.Richard 2005, Ernst 2003 90003 90002 Digoxin: Hawthorn interacts significantly with digoxin; avoid use in patients with heart failure.Page 2016 90003 90002 Herbs (hypotensive properties): May enhance the adverse / toxic effect of other herbs (hypotensive properties). Excessive blood pressure lowering may manifest. Monitor therapy.Richard 2005, Ernst 2003 90003 90011 Adverse Reactions 90012 90002 Except for known allergy to members of the Rosaceae family, there are no known contraindications to hawthorn.Daniele 2006 90003 90002 A review of clinical trial data found only rare serious adverse reactions that included palpitations, chest pain, GI hemorrhage, and migraine.Daniele 2006 Most adverse reactions reported are mild to moderate and include moderate dizziness, nausea, GI symptoms, rash , and headache. Hawthorn extracts are considered to be relatively safe.Daniele 2006, Tadić 2008 90003 90002 A case report exists of a multisystem hypersensitivity reaction with acute renal failure to consumption of the fruit and tea of ​​the related species Crataegus orientalis.Horoz 2008 90003 90002 In the 2016 Scientific Statement by the American Heart Association regarding drugs that may cause or exacerbate heart failure, hawthorn has been recognized as a product with antiplatelet activity which may increase bleeding risk when used with anticoagulants. The guidance noted that naturoceuticals are not recommended for the management of heart failure symptoms or for the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events, and that nutritional supplements are not recommended for the treatment of heart failure [Low-quality; Limited].Page 2016 90003 90002 Data collected between 2004 and 2013 among 8 US centers in the Drug-induced Liver Injury Network revealed 15.5% (130) of hepatotoxicity cases was caused by herbals and dietary supplements whereas 85% (709) were related to medications. Of the 130 related cases of liver injury related to supplements, 65% were from non-bodybuilding supplements and occurred most often in Hispanic / Latinos compared to non-Hispanic whites and non-Hispanic blacks. Liver transplant was also more frequent with toxicity from non-bodybuilding supplements (13%) than with conventional medications (3%) (90052 P 90053 <0.001). Overall, the number of severe liver injury cases was significantly higher from supplements than conventional medications (90052 P 90053 = 0.02). Of the 217 supplement products implicated in liver injury, hawthorn was among the 22% (116) of the single-ingredient products.Navarro 2014 90003 90011 Toxicology 90012 90002 No increase in the frequency of fetal malformations or teratogenicity has been found in animal studies.WHO 1999 року, Daniele 2006, Yao 2008 90003 90011 Index Terms 90012 90163 90164 90052 Crataegus laevigata 90053 (Poir) 90167 90168 90011 References 90012 Akila M, Devaraj H.Synergistic effect of tincture of 90052 Crataegus 90053 and 90052 Mangifera indica 90053 L. extract on hyperlipidemic and antioxidant status in atherogenic rats. 90052 Vascul Pharmacol 90053. 2008; 49 (4-6): 173-177.18755296Ammon HP, Handel M. 90052 Crataegus 90053, toxicology and pharmacology, Part I: Toxicity [in German]. 90052 Planta Med 90053. 1981; 43 (2): 105-120.Asgary S, Naderi GH, Sadeghi M, Kelishadi R, Amiri M. Antihypertensive effect of Iranian 90052 Crataegus curvisepala 90053 Lind.: A randomized, double-blind study. 90052 Drugs Exp Clin Res 90053. 2004; 30 (5-6): 221-225.15700749Asher GN, Viera AJ, Weaver MA, Dominik R, Caughey M, Hinderliter AL. Effect of hawthorn standardized extract on flow mediated dilation in prehypertensive and mildly hypertensive adults: a randomized, controlled cross-over trial. 90052 BMC Complement Altern Med 90053. 2012; 12: 26.3350435Barros L, Carvalho AM, Ferreira IC. Comparing the composition and bioactivity of 90052 Crataegus Monogyna 90053 flowers and fruits used in folk medicine.90052 Phytochem Anal 90053. 2011 року; 22 (2): 181-188.Belz GG, Butzer R, Gaus W, Loew D. Camphor- 90052 Crataegus 90053 berry extract combination dose-dependently reduces tilt induced fall in blood pressure in orthostatic hypotension. 90052 Phytomedicine 90053. 2002; 9 (7): 581-588.12487321Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J, eds. 90052 Herbal Medicine: Expanded Commission E Monographs 90053. Newton, MA: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000.Can OD, Ozkay UD, Oztürk N, Oztürk Y. Effects of hawthorn seed and pulp extracts on the central nervous system.90052 Pharm Biol 90053. 2010 року; 48 (8): 924-931.20673180Chen JD, Wu YZ, Tao ZL, Chen ZM, Liu XP. Hawthorn (shan zha) drink and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and rats. 90052 World Rev Nutr Diet 90053. 1995; 77: 147-154.7732698 90052 Crataegus monogyna 90053 Jacq. USDA, NRCS. 2010. The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, August 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA.Daniele C, Mazzanti G, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Adverse-event profile of 90052 Crataegus 90053 spp.: A systematic review. 90052 Drug Saf 90053. 2006; 29 (6): 523-535.16752934Elango C, Jayachandaran KS, Niranjali Devaraj S. Hawthorn extract reduces infarct volume and improves neurological score by reducing oxidative stress in rat brain following middle cerebral artery occlusion. 90052 Int J Dev Neurosci 90053. 2009 року; 27 (8): 799-803.19712738Ernst E. Cardiovascular adverse effects of herbal medicines: a systematic review of the recent literature. 90052 Can J Cardiol 90053. 2003; 19 (7): 818-27.12813616Furey A, Tassell M.Towards a systematic scientific approach in the assessment of efficacy of an herbal preparation: Hawthorn (90052 Crataegus 90053 spp.). 90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2008; 10 (12): 1153-1157.18996738Fürst R, Zirrgiebel U, Totzke F, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Koch E. The 90052 Crataegus 90053 extract WS 1442 inhibits balloon catheter-induced intimal hyperplasia in the rat carotid artery by directly influencing PDGFR-beta. 90052 Atherosclerosis 90053. 2010 року; 211 (2): 409-417.20435310Hanus M, Lafon J, Mathieu M.Double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a fixed combination containing two plant extracts (90052 Crataegus oxyacantha 90053 and 90052 Eschscholtzia californica 90053) and magnesium in mild-to-moderate anxiety disorders. 90052 Curr Med Res Opin 90053. 2004; 20 (1): 63-71.14741074Hawthorn. In: 90052 WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants 90053. Vol 1. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1999.Holubarsch CJ, Colucci WS, Meinertz T, Gaus W, Tendera M.Survival and prognosis: investigation of 90052 Crataegus 90053 extract WS 1442 in congestive heart failure (SPICE) - rationale, study design and study protocol. 90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2000; 2 (4): 431-437.11113721Holubarsch CJ, Colucci WS, Meinertz T, Gaus W, Tendera M; Survival and prognosis: investigation of 90052 Crataegus 90053 extract WS 1442 in CHF (SPICE) trial study group. The efficacy and safety of 90052 Crataegus 90053 extract WS 1442 in patients with heart failure: the SPICE trial.90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2008; 10 (12): 1255-1263.19019730Horoz M, Gok E, Genctoy G, et al. 90052 Crataegus orientalis 90053 associated multiorgan hypersensitivity reaction and acute renal failure. 90052 Intern Med 90053. 2008; 47 (23): 2039-2042.19043257Hosseinimehr SJ, Mahmoudzadeh A, Azadbakht M, Akhlaghpoor S. Radioprotective effects of Hawthorn against genotoxicity induced by gamma irradiation in human blood lymphocytes. 90052 Radiat Environ Biophys 90053. 2009 року; 48 (1): 95-98.18769933Hwang HS, Bleske BE, Ghannam MM, et al.Effects of hawthorn on cardiac remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction after 1 month of pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. 90052 Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 90053. 2008; 22 (1): 19-28.18210194 Kroll M, Ring C, Gaus W, Hempel B. A randomized trial of Korodin Herz-Kreislauf-Tropfen as add-on treatment in older patients with orthostatic hypotension. 90052 Phytomedicine 90053. 2005; 12 (6-7): 395-402.16008114Lin Y, Vermeer MA, A Trautwein E. Triterpenic Acids Present in Hawthorn Lower Plasma Cholesterol by Inhibiting Intestinal ACAT Activity in Hamsters.90052 Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 90053. 2009 Feb 19. [Epub ahead of print] Luo Y, Chen G, Li B, et al Dietary intervention with AHP, a functional formula diet, improves both serum and hepatic lipids profile in dyslipidemia mice. 90052 J Food Sci 90053. 2009 року; 74 (6): h289-h295.19723204Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, et al. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. drug-induced liver injury network. 90052 Hepatology 90053. 2014; 60 (4): 1399-1408.25043597Page RL 2nd, O'Bryant CL, Cheng D, et al; American Heart Association Clinical Pharmacology and Heart Failure and Transplantation Committees of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research.Drugs That May Cause or Exacerbate Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. 90052 Circulation 90053. 2016 року; 134 (6): e32-69.27400984Pittler MH, Guo R, Ernst E. Hawthorn extract for treating chronic heart failure. 90052 Cochrane Database Syst Rev 90053. 2008; 1: CD005312.18254076Quettier-Deleu C, Voiselle G, Fruchart JC, et al. Hawthorn extracts inhibit LDL oxidation. 90052 Pharmazie 90053. 2003; 58 (8): 577-581.12967038Rastogi S, Pandey MM, Rawat AK. Traditional herbs: a remedy for cardiovascular disorders.Phytomedicine. 2016 року; 23 (11): 1082-1089.26656228Richard CL, Jurgens TM. Effects of natural health products on blood pressure. 90052 Ann Pharmacother 90053. 2005; 39 (4): 712-20.15741425Rigelsky JM, Sweet BV. Hawthorn: pharmacology and therapeutic uses. 90052 Am J Health Syst Pharm 90053. 2002; 59 (5): 417-422.11887407Schandry R, ​​Duschek S. The effect of Camphor- 90052 Crataegus 90053 berry extract combination on blood pressure and mental functions in chronic hypotension-A randomized placebo controlled double blind design.90052 Phytomedicine 90053. 2008; 15 (11): 914-922.18929475Schröder D, Weiser M, Klein P. Efficacy of a homeopathic 90052 Crataegus 90053 preparation compared with usual therapy for mild (NYHA II) cardiac insufficiency: results of an observational cohort study. 90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2003; 5 (3): 319-326.12798830Swaminathan JK, Khan M, Mohan IK, et al. Cardioprotective properties of 90052 Crataegus oxycantha 90053 extract against ischemia-reperfusion injury. 90052 Phytomedicine 90053. 2010 року; 17 (10): 744-752.20171068Tadić VM, Dobrić S, Marković GM, et al. Anti-inflammatory, gastroprotective, free-radical-scavenging, and antimicrobial activities of hawthorn berries ethanol extract. 90052 J Agric Food Chem 90053. 2008; 56 (17): 7700-7709.18698794Vogel JH, Bolling SF, Costello RB, et al. Integrating complementary medicine into cardiovascular medicine. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (Writing Committee to Develop an Expert Consensus Document on Complementary and Integrative Medicine).90052 J Am Coll Cardiol 90053. 2005; 46 (1): 184-221.15992662Walker AF, Marakis G, Morris AP, Robinson PA. Promising hypotensive effect of hawthorn extract: a randomized double-blind pilot study of mild, essential hypertension. 90052 Phytother Res 90053. 2002; 16 (1): 48-54.11807965Walker AF, Marakis G, Simpson E, et al. Hypotensive effects of hawthorn for patients with diabetes taking prescription drugs: a randomised controlled trial. 90052 Br J Gen Pract 90053. 2006; 56 (527): 437-443.16762125Werner NS, Duschek S, Schandry R.D-camphor- 90052 crataegus 90053 berry extract combination increases blood pressure and cognitive functioning in the elderly-a randomized, placebo controlled double blind study. 90052 Phytomedicine 90053. 2009 року; 16 (12): 1077-1082.19560327Xu H, Xu HE, Ryan D. A study of the comparative effects of hawthorn fruit compound and simvastatin on lowering blood lipid levels. 90052 Am J Chin Med 90053. 2009 року; 37 (5): 903-908.19885950Yao M, Ritchie HE, Brown-Woodman PD. A reproductive screening test of hawthorn.90052 J Ethnopharmacol 90053. 2008; 118 (1): 127-132.18485639Ye XL, Huang WW, Chen Z, et al. Synergetic effect and structure-activity relationship of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors from 90052 Crataegus pinnatifida 90053 Bge. 90052 J Agric Food Chem 90053. 2010 року; 58 (5): 3132-3138.20131788Zick SM, Gillespie B, Aaronson KD. The effect of 90052 Crataegus oxycantha 90053 Special Extract WS 1442 on clinical progression in patients with mild to moderate symptoms of heart failure.90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2008; 10 (6): 587-593.18490196Zick SM, Vautaw BM, Gillespie B, Aaronson KD. Hawthorn Extract Randomized Blinded Chronic Heart Failure (HERB CHF) trial. 90052 Eur J Heart Fail 90053. 2009 року; 11 (10): 990-999.19789403 90011 Disclaimer 90012 90002 This information relates to an herbal, vitamin, mineral or other dietary supplement. This product has not been reviewed by the FDA to determine whether it is safe or effective and is not subject to the quality standards and safety information collection standards that are applicable to most prescription drugs.This information should not be used to decide whether or not to take this product. This information does not endorse this product as safe, effective, or approved for treating any patient or health condition. This is only a brief summary of general information about this product. It does NOT include all information about the possible uses, directions, warnings, precautions, interactions, adverse effects, or risks that may apply to this product. This information is not specific medical advice and does not replace information you receive from your health care provider.You should talk with your health care provider for complete information about the risks and benefits of using this product. 90003 90002 This product may adversely interact with certain health and medical conditions, other prescription and over-the-counter drugs, foods, or other dietary supplements. This product may be unsafe when used before surgery or other medical procedures. It is important to fully inform your doctor about the herbal, vitamins, mineral or any other supplements you are taking before any kind of surgery or medical procedure.With the exception of certain products that are generally recognized as safe in normal quantities, including use of folic acid and prenatal vitamins during pregnancy, this product has not been sufficiently studied to determine whether it is safe to use during pregnancy or nursing or by persons younger than 2 years of age. 90003 90002 Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health 90003 90011 Further information 90012 90002 Always consult your healthcare provider to ensure the information displayed on this page applies to your personal circumstances.90003 90002 Medical Disclaimer 90003 Next → Breastfeeding Warnings 90011 More about hawthorn 90012 90013 90318 Related treatment guides 90014 .90000 Indian Hawthorn | Home & Garden Information Center 90001 90002 90003 Indian hawthorn (90004 Raphiolepis 90005 species) used as an evergreen foundation planting. 90006 Photo by Karen Russ, © 2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension 90007 90003 Indian hawthorns (90004 Rhaphiolepis 90005 species and hybrids) are mostly low-growing, evergreen, flowering shrubs. With a dense mounded growth habit, they are ideal low-maintenance plants for use in small gardens and foundation plantings. 90007 90012 Mature Height / Spread 90013 90003 Most cultivars grow between 3 and 6 feet tall and about the same in width.A few are large shrubs that can be trained to a small tree form. 90007 90012 Ornamental Features 90013 90003 Indian hawthorns are grown for their attractively neat, mounded form and clusters of flowers. The fragrant, pink or white crabapple-like flowers open in clusters above the foliage in mid-April to May. Bluish-black berries appear in late summer and persist through the winter. The leathery, dark evergreen leaves are rounded, about 2 to 3 inches long, turning purplish in winter. 90007 90020 90003 Indian hawthorn (90004 Raphiolepis species 90005) produces abundant purple-black fruit during the summer.90006 Photo by Karen Russ, © 2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension 90007 90012 Landscape Use 90013 90003 The compact cultivars of Indian hawthorn are suitable for use as foundation shrubs, while larger cultivars may be used for hedges, mass plantings or screening. 90007 90003 Indian hawthorns are sensitive to cold damage and should be sited in protected areas if grown in the upper part of South Carolina. 90007 90003 Plants prefer sun, although they will grow in partial shade. Indian hawthorn prefers moist, well-drained soil, but established shrubs will tolerate drought.It is tolerant of salt spray and sandy soils and is a good choice for coastal areas. 90007 90003 Pruning is rarely necessary. If pruning is needed it should be done just after bloom. 90007 90012 Problems 90013 90003 Entomosporium leaf spot, caused by the fungus 90004 Entomosporium mespili 90005, is the most common disease of Indian hawthorn. It is most damaging following periods of frequent rainfall in the spring and fall. 90007 90042 90003 Entomosporium leaf spot on Indian hawthorn (90004 Raphiolepis 90005 species).90006 Photo by Joey Williamson, © 2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension 90007 90003 The first symptoms are tiny, round, red spots on both the upper and lower sides of young leaves. 90007 90003 These expand and on heavily diseased leaves, merge, forming large, irregular blotches. Severe infections may result in early leaf drop. 90007 90003 Slow the spread of disease by properly spacing plants to improve air movement. Water shrubs with drip irrigation rather than overhead sprinklers. If sprinklers are used, only water established plants once per week as needed during the growing season and apply one inch of irrigation water each time.Collect and discard fallen diseased leaves during winter, and then mulch the shrubs. 90007 90003 Diseased shrubs may be sprayed with Daconil (chlorothalonil) beginning when new leaves first appear in spring until early June. Spray every ten days during rainy spring weather, or every two weeks during dry spring weather. Addition sprays may be needed in the fall. Follow label direction for rates and safety. See Table 1 for examples of brands and specific products. 90007 90003 Winter injury has become more common, and was quite severe during the winter of 2014-2015, where many Indian hawthorns in South Carolina were 90007 90058 90003 Severe defoliation may occur during summer following a heavy infection with Entomosporium leaf spot on Indian hawthorn (90004 Raphiolepis 90005 species).90006 Photo by Joey Williamson, © 2015 HGIC, Clemson Extension 90007 90003 killed. Plants weakened by stresses from improper fertilization and irrigation, exposure to lawn weed killers, and foliar disease may be more apt to be damaged by cold weather. Test the soil in landscape beds for proper fertilization. 90007 90003 This same disease also affects red tip photinia and pears (such as Bradford pear), but may also be found on pyracantha, quince and loquat. For this reason, red tip photinia is rarely still found for sale.90007 90003 The best way to prevent leaf spot on Indian hawthorn is to plant selected resistant cultivars (see below), grow them in a full sun site, and use drip irrigation. 90007 90012 Varieties 90013 90072 90073 'Blueberry Muffin' is very cold hardy with good root rot and foliage disease resistance. It has white flowers, and deep blue fruit. The leaves turn deep purple in winter if grown in full sun. 90004 R. umbellata 90005. 90076 90073 'Clara' is white flowered, with reddish new growth that matures to dark green.It grows 3 to 4 feet tall. It is moderately resistant to leaf spot. 90004 R. indica 90005. 90076 90073 'Eleanor Tabor ™' ( 'Conor' PP9398) is a pink-flowered cultivar that has very good leaf spot resistance, unless planted in less than 6 hours of sun. Grows to 3 to 5 feet tall. 90004 R. indica 90005. 90076 90073 'Eskimo' is cold tolerant to 5 ° F, and exhibits very high resistance to leaf spot. 'Eskimo' grows up to 6 feet tall and 8 feet wide with white flowers. 90004 R 90005. x 90004 delacourii.90005 90076 90073 'Georgia Charm' (PP9982) bears white blossoms and grows to 4 feet tall and 3 feet wide. It has good resistance to leaf spot and is cold hardy to 5 ° F. 90076 90073 'Georgia Petite' (PP9983) bears blooms of light pink and white and grows to 2½ feet tall and 3 feet wide. It has good resistance to leaf spot and is cold hardy to 5 ° F. This is a hybrid 90004 R 90005. x 90004 delacourii. 90005 90076 90073 Gulf Green ™ ( 'Minor') grows 3 to 4 feet tall by 3 to 4 feet wide with white flowers.90076 90101 90003 90004 R. umbellata 90005 90007 90072 90073 Indian Princess® ( 'Monto' PP5862) grows in a compact, mounded form with pink flowers that fade to white. This cultivar is one of the most resistant to leaf spot. 90004 R. indica 90005. 90076 90073 Majestic Beauty® ( 'Montic' PP3349) grows to 8 to 10 feet tall or more by 5 to 10 feet wide with fragrant light pink flowers. It can be trained as a small tree. The large leaves have good resistance to leaf spot. 90076 90073 Olivia ™ ( 'Conia' PP9399) is one of the most disease resistant Indian hawthorns.It grows to 4 feet tall and 4 to 5 feet wide with white flowers. 90076 90073 Rosalinda® ( 'Conda' PP9056) is typically grown as a tree form, and reaches 10 to 12 feet tall by 8 to 10 feet wide. 90004 R. indica. 90005 90076 90073 'Snow White' is a dwarf form with a spreading habit to 3 to 4 feet tall by 4 to 6 feet wide. The flowers are pure white, and the leaves are light green. It has good leaf spot resistance. 90004 R. indica 90005. 90076 90073 Spring Sonata ™ ( 'Wilcor' PP17972) grows to 4 feet tall and 5 feet wide with white flowers.Bloom time is about 2 weeks later than other Indian hawthorns. 90004 R. indica 90005. 90076 90101 90003 These cultivars are highly susceptible to leaf spot: 90007 90072 90073 'Enchantress' also known as 'Pinkie' 90076 90073 'Fascination' 90076 90073 'Harbinger of Spring' 90076 90073 'Heather' 90076 90073 'Spring Rapture' 90076 90073 'Springtime' 90076 90073 'White Enchantress 90076 90101 90003 90147 Table 1. Fungicides for the Control of Entomosporium Leaf Spot on Indian Hawthorn.90148 90007 90150 90151 90152 90153 90147 Active ingredients 90148 90156 90153 90147 Examples of Brand Names & Products 90148 90156 90161 90152 90153 Chlorothalonil 90156 90153 Bonide Fung-onil Concentrate 90006 Ferti-lome Broad Spectrum Landscape & Garden Fungicide Concentrate 90006 GardenTech Daconil Fungicide Concentrate 90006 Hi-Yield Vegetable, Flower, Fruit & Ornamental Fungicide Concentrate 90006 Ortho MAX Garden Disease Control Concentrate 90006 Southern Ag Liquid Ornamental & Vegetable Fungicide Concentrate 90006 Tiger Brand Daconil Concentrate 90156 90161 90152 90153 Myclobutanil 90156 90153 Spectracide Immunox Multi-purpose Fungicide Concentrate 90006 Ferti-lome F-Stop Lawn & Garden Fungicide Concentrate 90006 Monterey Fungi-max 90156 90161 90152 90153 Propiconazole 90156 90153 Ferti-lome Liquid Systemic Fungicide II Concentrate 90006 Banner Maxx Fungicide 90006 Bonide Infuse Concentrate 90006 Bonide Fung-onil Lawn & Garden Disease Control RTS 90189 1 90006 90191 Martin's Honor Guard PPZ 90156 90161 90152 90195 90189 1 90191 RTS = Ready to Spray (hose-end spray bottle) 90156 90161 90200 90201 90003 90007 90003 If this document did not answer your questions, please contact HGIC at hgic @ clemson.edu or 1-888-656-9988. 90007.